ABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common and fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder. In recent years, it has been recognized that neurotransmitters other than dopamine and neuronal systems outside the basal ganglia are also related to PD pathogenesis. However, little is known about whether and how the caudal zona incerta (ZIc) regulates parkinsonian motor symptoms. Here, we showed that specific glutamatergic but not GABAergic ZIc
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Neurons , Parkinson Disease , Parkinsonian Disorders , Substantia Nigra , Zona IncertaABSTRACT
Excessive theta (θ) frequency oscillation and synchronization in the basal ganglia (BG) has been reported in elderly parkinsonian patients and animal models of levodopa (L-dopa)-induced dyskinesia (LID), particularly the θ oscillation recorded during periods when L-dopa is withdrawn (the off L-dopa state). To gain insight into processes underlying this activity, we explored the relationship between primary motor cortex (M1) oscillatory activity and BG output in LID. We recorded local field potentials in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and M1 of awake, inattentive resting rats before and after L-dopa priming in Sham control, Parkinson disease model, and LID model groups. We found that chronic L-dopa increased θ synchronization and information flow between the SNr and M1 in off L-dopa state LID rats, with a SNr-to-M1 flow directionality. Compared with the on state, θ oscillational activity (θ synchronization and information flow) during the off state were more closely associated with abnormal involuntary movements. Our findings indicate that θ oscillation in M1 may be consequent to abnormal synchronous discharges in the BG and support the notion that M1 θ oscillation may participate in the induction of dyskinesia.
ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is a brain dysfunction syndrome resulted from many causes,which is closely related to age,especially occuring in the immature brain.Long-term,repeated seizures can lead to immature brain tissue damage,and increase susceptibility of immature brain to epileptic brain damage.Not only does substantia nigra network have the effect of delicate anticonvulsion,but it is also vulnerable to epilepticseizures.Protecting the immature brain substantia nigra pars can prevent or reduce the risk of seizures,epilepsy has an important role in brain injury recovery.Giving children the brain protective drugs aimed directly at substantia nigra pars is a viable and effective method to treat epileptic brain injury.